3 items that must be in your car in 2021: you can’t pass inspection without them

Why do you need to paint your car?

The paint layer of the body performs not only an aesthetic function. It protects him from the aggressive influence of the environment. If you do not promptly paint body parts with damaged coating, optimal conditions are created for:

• metal corrosion;
• chips;
• extensive paint peeling.

Body parts that do not have protection come into direct contact with water, reagents, salts, and dirt, and therefore quickly deteriorate and require thorough body repairs. To prevent this from happening, painting is carried out, the purpose of which is to protect the car and restore its attractive, salon appearance.

From us, car owners can order both body painting and painting of rims, engine compartment, engine, body kit, spoilers. We take each order responsibly, so the finished paint coating is highly aesthetic and has a long service life.

What are the requirements for a fire extinguisher?

The requirements for a fire extinguisher are dictated only by the Technical Regulations on the Safety of Wheeled Vehicles, so it has no direct responsibilities for the driver.

Thus, the regulations provide the following rules:

• Each car and motorcycle must have a place for its installation (clause 1.15.6.3): for passenger cars - 1 fire extinguisher with a volume of 2 liters,
• for trucks over 3.5 tons - 2 fire extinguishers: one - 2 liters, the second - 5 liters,
• for buses - 2 fire extinguishers, one of which should be located near the driver’s seat.

When do you need car painting?

What resistance should be on the spark plugs, how to make a tester for SZ with your own hands
Painting a car may be required for various reasons:

• road accident;
• damage to the paint layer after an accidental collision with an obstacle;
• if there are scratches, abrasions, chips, or traces of corrosion.

Car painting can be complete or local. Complete repair is carried out in case of significant damage to the paint layer or color fading. Local painting is carried out if there are unevenness of the protective and decorative coating in certain areas. In such situations, it is not practical to repaint the entire car. Our craftsmen use special painting technologies, so the area of ​​local coating restoration completely merges with the factory layer.

How to properly transport a child in a car in 2021. New rules?

The rules for transporting children in a car will change from January 1

From January 1, 2021, amendments to the Road Traffic Rules regarding the transportation of children under 12 years of age in cars will come into force in Russia.

There will be only three changes, but they are all quite serious. Firstly, from the new year it will be possible to transport children over seven years old in the back seat of a vehicle without special restraints.

However, the use of child seats in the front passenger seat remains mandatory for children under 12 years of age.

Secondly, the design of the child car seat will have to match the height and weight of the child. As noted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, this will further protect the young passenger in the event of an accident.

Thirdly, from January 1, 2021, a categorical ban on leaving children under seven years of age in cars will be introduced. Even if parents leave for just a few minutes, they are required to take the preschooler with them.

In addition, penalties will also change. For violating the rules for transporting children in special restraints, you will have to pay up to three thousand rubles, for leaving a child under seven years old alone in a vehicle - 500 rubles.

the author of the question chose this answer as the best

On January 1, 2021, new rules for transporting children in cars came into force.

A child under 7 years old cannot be transported without a car seat appropriate for the child’s age, height and weight. A child of this age should not be left alone in a car.

Children from 7 to 12 years old can be transported in the back seat either with or without a car seat (restraint device), but must be fastened with a seat belt. A child of this age can be transported in the front seat only if there is a restraint device.

add to favorites link thank

According to the new rules, from January 1, 2021, children under 12 years of age can be transported as follows:

Children under 7 years old cannot be transported without a car seat, regardless of whether you place it in the back or front seat. The car seat must strictly correspond to the height and weight of the child.

Electronics for the car

How much electrolyte should be in battery banks?

It's the 21st century, and various electronics are an integral part of it. Many drivers buy the following devices for their cars:

• Navigator - will build a route, show how to avoid traffic jams, warn about radars and perform many useful functions. Read more about choosing a navigator.
• Printable version of the route if you are traveling far. It indicates intermediate settlements, distances and approximate travel times. You can get such a printout on our distance calculation service.
• DVR - will record everything that happens on the road. You will always have proof of your innocence in the event of a “set-up” on the road or a regular accident.
• A radar detector that will warn traffic police officers about speed cameras and radars.
• The walkie-talkie is a tool primarily for truckers, who talk to each other, share tips, knowledge and anecdotes. The radio is also used by drivers who want to know the traffic situation in advance. Moreover, the device will help you contact people in case of problems with cellular communication or a dead phone.
• Charging for a phone or smartphone (charger cord + cigarette lighter adapter). As a rule, an adapter is very cheap, but in a difficult situation it can be a great help and charge your smartphone from the cigarette lighter so that you can contact someone.
• Breathalyzer. Some drivers are afraid of losing their license, money and nerves because a traffic police officer may ask " ". We are not talking about lawbreakers and unscrupulous drivers, but about those who, for example, drank two days ago and are afraid that there is still alcohol in their blood. Whatever the situation, a personal breathalyzer will show your alcohol level and answer the question - you can drive or not.

A mandatory set, without which it is strictly not recommended to travel. This set includes a driver's first aid kit, a fire extinguisher, and a warning triangle. Also, do not forget to bring with you all the necessary documents: driver’s license, valid insurance and other documents. You may need them if you are stopped by a traffic police officer.

The second item to carry with you includes things needed for repairs. Bring along a tool kit, rags, work gloves, pump, spare tube, sealant, tow rope, spare tire, etc. Of course, it is not at all necessary to keep all these things in the car, especially if you do not understand anything about the structure of the car and even if you have the necessary tools you will not be able to make minimal repairs. However, having items in this category can help a lot, especially if you have long trips coming up.

The third category can include a variety of liquids: gasoline, antifreeze, oil, brake and windshield wiper fluid, etc. As a rule, they are most appropriate when traveling outside the city, where it is not possible to visit a gas station or a specialty store if necessary.

Be sure to take at least a minimum set of medications with you. Unfortunately, a modern driver's first aid kit does not contain any medications - only bandages, tourniquets, scissors, and sterile gloves. It is worth putting in the glove compartment antiemetics, painkillers, anti-poisoning agents, stomach and heart pills and drops and other medicines that may be useful along the way, if not for you, then perhaps for your passengers.

And finally, each driver has an individual set of things. It may include wet wipes, a flashlight and spare batteries for it, a roll of toilet paper, and a phone charger.

Medicines: what you need to have in your car

A long road is romantic. Especially if you drive your own car, you don’t depend on the schedule; wherever you want, you go there. And you need to have items that will help and help you out in difficult times.

When traveling around the city, you feel calm, since there is a service station at every turn - in case of a breakdown, you can push the car to the nearest one. But once you move away from your native land, you realize that anything can happen. Therefore, you need to have certain accessories in the cabin and in the trunk that will help you out in difficult times and help you get out of a difficult situation. So what do you need to have with you?

GLONASS or GPS navigation

Expenses for navigation equipment will also not cause quibbles from the tax authorities.
For example, some cars are required to be equipped with navigation equipment. Regulations on licensing the transportation of passengers by road transport equipped for the transportation of more than 8 people (except for the case if the specified activity is carried out on orders or for the own needs of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur), approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on April 2, 2012. No. 280 states: 4. Licensing requirements when carrying out passenger transportation activities are: g) the use by the licensee of vehicles equipped in the prescribed manner with GLONASS or GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation equipment.

Organizations that are not required to be equipped with navigation equipment can justify their expenses by the fact that this equipment helps the driver to correctly build a route and get to his destination faster, thereby saving both time and fuel.

Amplifier selection criteria

Oil pressure in a VAZ engine - what should it be

Like any other equipment, a car radio has certain characteristics. Considering that it connects and works in the same system with other equipment, their indicators should be as close as possible to each other for joint operation. Therefore, before connecting the amplifier to the car radio, carefully study and compare the data:

• One of the most important technical characteristics of an amplifier is the unit of power per channel. So, when purchasing an amplifier, this indicator must be compared with the corresponding indicators of the rest of the equipment.
• You definitely need to know what the rated power of your rear speakers is, as well as the dynamics of the subwoofer (see How to make a subwoofer: practical tips). Their power ratings should slightly exceed the power of one amplifier channel. This will allow you to get the highest quality sound. In addition, such a distribution of power will prevent overloading of the speakers, and they will definitely not wheeze.
• Another important characteristic of an amplifier is load resistance. The load for the amplifier is the speaker system. Therefore, this characteristic should be equal for the speakers and the amplifier (for example: both there and there are 4 Ohms). It is quite normal if the load resistance of the speakers is slightly higher.
• But if it turns out to be the opposite, there is every chance that during operation both the amplifier and the speakers will fail. The frequency range in a car amplifier must be at least 20 Hz - 20 KHz. It would be good if this range were even greater.

Modern car amplifiers include an element called a crossover. It allows the amplifier to operate in different modes, as well as frequencies in different ranges. Sometimes they have a linear pass-through output, which allows you to connect another amplifier to it, if necessary.

What are the 4 essential items you need to carry in your car?

Everything here is simple and clear. On the one side. After all, we are talking more often about passenger cars. And for them the required attributes are:

1. first aid kit,
2. fire extinguisher,
3. warning triangle,
4. reflective vest.

But there are also trucks, motorcycles and buses. So, the following compulsory subjects are provided for them:

Trucks under 3.5 tons are the same as for passenger cars.

Cunning helpers

After all, it is known that women's logic is different from men's. In addition, as a rule, women are much more prudent and hate being in situations where something is missing. A car is a second home. And, just like at home, everything here should be convenient, everything should be “at hand.”

Perhaps it is not vitally necessary in emergency situations, but it is indispensable for preventive maintenance - maintaining tire pressure not only reduces fuel consumption, but also minimizes the risk of a tire explosion.

Necessary for the same reason as water. You can carry nuts in the car. Some take semi-finished products with them, which just need to be filled with hot water.

At the same time, loudspeakers with similar characteristics from an unknown manufacturer can be bought for $15, but, as a rule, these work for no more than a year

When it comes to an inexpensive audio system, it is recommended to pay attention to American brands that fall in the $45–50 range (Polk Audio, MTX, Kicker)

A towing rope that can easily withstand a load of 5 tons or more. To do this, you should choose either a very wide sling or a steel cable, which show themselves to be the most reliable under operating conditions.

This is an opportunity not only to enjoy the vocals of pop stars, but also to appreciate the skill of performers of individual instrumental parts, soloists with a wide range of voices. The “correct” speakers accurately convey all the nuances of the sound of instruments, without embellishing the sound or hiding its features. A good sound should be pure, without impurities in the form of resonance of interior parts.

During the cold season, car enthusiasts should take with them some additional items that may be useful for traveling by car. Getting stuck on a highway with a breakdown in winter is the last thing any auto traveler would want.

It doesn't hurt to have a second flashlight. First of all, it should be taken to illuminate something in the cabin or during repairs. Therefore, it is better to take a forehead one or with some kind of clip.

Of course, in any car there must be a kind of “emergency reserve” - NZ - which must be constantly replenished. What should be included there?

Dear readers! Our articles talk about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is unique. It would also be a good idea to have medications in your first aid kit that are necessary if the car owner has chronic diseases. In this case, it is necessary to comply with the storage conditions of medicines.

A car wheel tends to fail at the most inopportune moment, and then it will need to be replaced. Therefore, without a spare tire, you will not be able to continue driving. In addition, to make this replacement, you will need a wheel wrench and a jack.

Car first aid kit

It all starts with the fact that it is forbidden to store any pills in this treasured box, since force majeure often occurs due to the fact that motorists took the pill and did not comply with the required dosage. It is not recommended to have iodine and brilliant green, because in case of severe road injuries, these drugs cannot help a person. Experts advise storing necessary medications (for example, cardiovascular medications) separately.

Items required to have in a first aid kit:

• plaster/adhesive plaster;
• a tourniquet that will help stop bleeding in an injured passenger;
• small medical scissors;
• latex gloves;
• 5,10,14-centimeter non-sterile gauze bandages and bandages;
• small alcohol wipes;
• some instructions on how to use the “insides” of the first aid kit;
• alcohol wipes of different sizes;
• seven-, ten-, fourteen-centimeter sterile gauze bandages.

A first aid kit can be purchased at any pharmacy, specialty store or gas station. Experts recommend buying it in pharmacies, since the car enthusiast has the opportunity to personally verify the correct expiration dates of all the necessary items inside, checking that they have not expired.

The main requirement for the first aid kit itself is the production dates of all the products that are inside. If anything is overdue, in the absence of any means, or even in the absence of a first aid kit, the traffic inspector has all the powers to impose penalties in the amount of five hundred Russian rubles.

If the driver is a girl...

Not only men, but also representatives of the fair sex drive cars. Let’s look at what must be in a young lady’s car below.

If you are wearing heels, be sure to bring a change of flat shoes with you. It will come in handy for minor repairs, as well as if your legs are tired.

Always carry spare tights and an umbrella in your car in case of rain, which will save your look in bad weather.

It would be a good idea to purchase a road map in case of a long trip. A car phone charger is also a very important attribute in a woman's car.

If you are still an inexperienced driver, then it is better to load the car to the maximum. Over time, having become a more experienced “driver”, half of the things can be unloaded from the car.

Having considered what must be in the car, I would like to say that it is impossible to take everything. Exactly the same as predicting trouble. Knowing exactly what you need to take with you comes with valuable experience. Only then, leaving what is unnecessary, will you take what you need.

Good luck on the road, driver!

The car is a convenient means of transportation. While moving, the most unforeseen situations can happen, and what is needed in the car is simply not there.

Often the car is full of all sorts of unnecessary junk, stored in the glove compartment or trunk, and vital things are left behind the vehicle. In this case, it is better to take care in advance of having the most necessary things in the car.

1

What should always be in the car and at hand, and what is sometimes vitally important in the first place is a first aid kit. It is especially necessary for long trips

Of course, a first aid kit is not a doctor, but with its help you can provide the necessary first aid, or simply help if necessary.

2. Emergency sign

. It is better not to use it, or to use it in extremely rare cases, but if an accident does occur, it will become very necessary.

There are regular and folding emergency signs. The second ones are much better, as they fold up and take up little space in the car. But when purchasing it, you should immediately understand its assembly, because on the road this can take a long time. And there it is better to be fully armed. A light-repellent vest will also not be superfluous; just in case, keep it in the trunk.

3. Fire extinguisher

. Well, this item should definitely be present in the car. The choice should be made on the fire extinguisher, the main indicators of which are described in the traffic police rules. This will save time in case of inspection by road inspection authorities.

4. Tools

. These items should be in every car. No one is immune from road hooligans or simple bad luck. The main ones are a balloon and spark plug wrench, but it’s good if you also have pliers, screwdrivers and a set of keys.

5. Jack

. It is better to choose based on the weight of the car. For small sizes it can be screw or combined. But larger specifications require a hydraulic jack.

6. Pump

. This goodness is in every car. But if it is electric, then it is better if it is also mechanical. In case of unforeseen circumstances. The mechanical one will not fail in this case.

7. Spare wheel

. With a whole set of necessary tools, it would be stupid not to take a spare tire. And on long journeys it’s even more so. If it has not been used for a long time, then it is worth checking the air pressure in it sometimes.

8. Tow rope

. According to traffic rules, you can’t live without it. Its length should be from four to six meters.

9. portable lamp

. Its dimensions can be different, so it is better and more reliable if there is a small flashlight nearby.

10. Cigarette lighter wire

. A necessary thing, especially for those cars that cannot boast of a new battery. In cold weather, sometimes it is simply necessary.

11. It’s good when there is antifreeze or brake fluid

. They do not require any special space, and they take up compact space, but the benefits from such assistants are much greater.

12. Scraper brush, rags

– for caring car owners, and of course for cleaning glass.

Fines for not having required items in the car

No license, STS, insurance policy. If the driver does not have these documents with him, the inspector will fine him 500 rubles.

The law does not prohibit you from reaching an agreement with the traffic police and asking a friend to bring the missing documents. In this case, the driver may get off with a warning.

If the driver does not have documents in principle, the penalties are more severe:

• the driver did not pass his license - from 5,000 to 15,000 rubles;
• lost STS or drives without registering a car - from 500 to 800 rubles;
• I didn’t receive the MTPL policy - 800 rubles.

There is no first aid kit, fire extinguisher, or emergency sign. It happens that the car does not have one of the required items or the first aid kit does not have the necessary medications. The fine for such a violation is 500 rubles.

There is no fine for not wearing a reflective vest in the car.

There is no sign in case of an accident. In this case, the driver will not be able to fulfill his duty in the event of an accident - to place a triangle in front of the car. The fine for such a violation is 1000 rubles.

Everything has its favorable moments, and each such moment provides opportunities.

Often, when you least expect it, things go well. And it’s not about the famous “law of attraction”. In most cases, in order for something to happen, it is not enough to want it badly.

As a rule, something good happens because a favorable moment has arrived and, most importantly, because we have created all the conditions so that at this moment we can benefit from the fruits of our efforts.

The magic of possibility

The magic lies in being able to see the opportunity that opens up before us at a certain moment. It needs to be intuitively understood and appreciated.

• Let's give an example. We learn a profession, spend a lot of time, acquire knowledge and skills.
• And now vacancies appear on the labor market. This is something innovative and, at the same time, close to our specialty, to our education. But we are scared to try ourselves in a new field, because we don’t know if we can handle the job.
• Only those who can see and appreciate the opportunity and are willing to risk “seizing” it will be able to take advantage of being in the right place at the right time. Exactly at that moment - neither earlier nor later.

If we don't seize the moment, such ideal circumstances may not arise again.

What needs to happen will happen - if we put effort into it.

Opportunities don't usually "knock on our door." Immobility does not attract opportunity, nor does mere desire.

• “What needs to happen” requires effort on our part. We can - and should - be active and creative, change the reality around us and contribute to the emergence of favorable (for us and our plans) opportunities.
• Yes, there are things that happen because the time has come. But if we ourselves do not put in the effort and will, it is unlikely that what we desire will suddenly appear in front of us.

You need to keep your mind open

An open mind is not a mind that dreams under the stars and inflates its desires to infinity. An open mind has very specific characteristics:

• He is aware of his needs.
• He has a good connection with himself, a good self-image, and adequate self-esteem. He is able to separate what he needs from what he does not need.
• He is a good observer, hears and sees everything around him and chooses what will allow him to grow and achieve his goals.
• An open and receptive mind is able to seize the moment and direct energy and knowledge to realize opportunity when it arises.

Need to be patient

Anyone who is in too much of a hurry, who takes risks without properly assessing the danger, who lacks patience, is often disappointed with the results of his activities.

• We often hear recommendations: “you need to be able to take risks, don’t be afraid to step out of your comfort zone...” But in order to take risks, you need to be prepared for it.
• Without good and adequate self-esteem, we cannot, for example, find a partner with whom we will be happy. We will always be dependent on what the other partner does or allows us to do.
• We also cannot apply for a certain job if we do not have the necessary qualifications. If we are rejected, it will be fair. Therefore, you need to be patient and, above all, “invest” in yourself, in your personal maturity, in practical skills and knowledge.

Sometimes we get tired of waiting for the moment when the good things that we think we deserve finally happen to us. In order for this to happen, you need to not give up, continue to believe in yourself, fight, be receptive and open.

And then what needs to happen will definitely happen!

Life experience, or the woman I am now!

You are a woman, which means you are an exceptional and unique story. This is your life experience and your personal story, woven from the play of light and shadow. Read more "

What you absolutely can’t hit the road without

Traffic rules regulate only a small part of what should be in a car. First of all, in accordance with traffic regulations, each car must be equipped with a first aid kit, a warning triangle and a fire extinguisher. This is the minimum established by law, which is necessary not because the traffic police inspector can issue a fine for their absence, but so that the driver can take urgent action at the scene of an accident.

Some drivers are negligent in purchasing a fire extinguisher, purchasing aerosol sprayers labeled “Fire Extinguisher.” Such a “sprinkler” will not be able to extinguish even a small fire, not to mention a flaming car. As practice shows, in order to cope with a fire in the engine compartment, you need a fire extinguisher with a charge weight of at least one and a half kilograms, and it is better to purchase a three-kilogram one.

As for the type of fire extinguisher, the choice between carbon dioxide and powder remains with the driver. Carbon dioxide leaves no traces behind itself, and is good for extinguishing fires in the cabin, but it copes worse with fire under the hood. The powder forms a crust on the surface of a burning object, preventing the access of oxygen, and extinguishes a burning engine well, but if it is used in the cabin, it will subsequently have to be dry cleaned.

The first aid kit, which should also be in the car, has not been equipped with medications since July 1, 2010; instead, it contains a variety of different bandages. Therefore, the purchased first aid kit must be completed independently. First of all, you should put painkillers, iodine and cotton wool in it. In addition, knowing about the problems with your health and the health of your loved ones, it will not be superfluous to put the appropriate medications in the first aid kit.

When choosing a warning triangle, you need to pay attention to its stability. If it turns out to be insufficiently stable, it will be blown away by the wind or air flow from passing cars.

Technological sequence of the process

Preparing and painting a car consists of several successive steps:

• Car wash. It is necessary to thoroughly wash off all contaminants using special cleaning products, such as car shampoo, for example. If there are no suitable conditions for this, you can use the services of the appropriate services.
• The body surface being prepared for painting must be degreased and stains remaining from bitumen and lubricants removed. Degreasing agents are quite aggressive, so this work should be carried out with rubber protective gloves, while trying to inhale fumes as little as possible.
• Grinding the body surface with abrasive devices, during which layers of old paint, primer, and putty are removed. The metal is also cleaned of corrosion areas. Sanding is a long and labor-intensive task, but the final painting result depends on its quality. Therefore, this process must be approached very responsibly.

Car painting process

• Application of primary and secondary primer, which protects the metal from corrosion and creates a favorable base for subsequent layers of paint and varnish. The primer coat must be allowed to dry completely. Under normal conditions, the primer dries in about 3.5 hours. To speed up the process, you can use a special device that dries using infrared rays. This will reduce drying to 20-25 minutes.
• Automotive varnish or paint is applied to the dried and sanded primer using a spray gun. This is a process that requires certain skills, so it may not work out well right away. So, it’s better to first practice using the paint sprayer on some other objects and surfaces.
• The last thing to apply is the enamel, which is also done with a spray gun. Before spraying the final coating, it is necessary to carefully sand the dry helmet, removing any possible drips and layers.

Painting, as well as preparing a car for it, is a rather complex job that requires certain knowledge and skills. If you decide to do all the steps yourself, make sure you have the necessary tools, which will make the task much easier, and purchase all the consumables that may be needed in the process.

New in traffic rules

Like any other branch of legislation, traffic rules are constantly changing. They are associated with many tasks - an attempt to reduce the number of accidents, preventive measures for traffic violations, simplifying the lives of drivers and determining the correct priorities on the road.

During 2021, many innovations were made to the official rules. Some of them were called unequivocally positive, others caused some controversy. However, all amendments have been approved by law, therefore, from the date of entry into force they are mandatory for all road users. And in order for the driver not to get into an unpleasant situation, he needs to know and learn all the changes. Informed means armed.

Connect the amplifier to the car

To know how to properly connect a car audio amplifier in a car, you need to understand the markings of connecting cables. In automotive technical systems, it is customary to use the American wire cross-section standard - AWG. There, the wire cross-section varies from the thinnest “8Ga” - with a diameter of 3.2 mm to “0Ga” with a diameter of 8.2 mm. There are even thinner wires that are marked with numbers 10, 12 or 16, but they are not used in powerful audio devices. When choosing a wire cross-section, the length of the working segment is also taken into account. Since audio equipment is often placed in the trunk of a car, a wire length of about 5 meters is considered. With a current of 20 amperes and a working length of 5 meters, you need to choose a wire with a cross-section of “4Ga”, which corresponds to a diameter of 5.18 mm. The cross-section of such a cable is 21.15 mm2.

It is very important when connecting power to a powerful output stage to use a fuse, which should be installed on the positive wire at a distance of no more than 30 cm from the battery terminal

There are several designs of fuses. The cable is tightened with screws on both sides, and the housing itself is easy to attach next to the terminal. Automatic fuses, which must turn off when a certain current is exceeded, are not popular among car enthusiasts, as there are cases of them sticking, which leads to serious damage.

Car radio

The cost of purchasing a car radio will be justified by the need to create normal working conditions for the driver.
And since the driver travels for a long time, he needs to relieve psychophysical stress. Also, via radio, the driver can receive the necessary information, for example, about traffic jams and the weather. FAS Moscow District in its Resolution dated 10.10.2008. No. KA-A40/8775-08 established that equipping cars with car radios with speakers is aimed at psychologically relieving drivers of society, and increases their performance and productivity.

FAS North Caucasus District in the Resolution dated 06/01/2011. No. A53-15050/2010, applying Articles 250, 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, considered that the costs of purchasing car radios and car speakers are expenses related to labor protection and are subject to accounting when calculating income tax on the basis of subparagraph 7 of paragraph 1 of Article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Consequently, the costs of purchasing car radios and car speakers are related to the taxpayer’s production activities and meet the criteria defined by Article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

How to learn to drive a car first steps.

Let me start with the fact that I got my license. I won’t tell you what a relief it is to “finally shoot” and get the coveted plastic card, since you have to experience it “on your own skin” :))

True, I passed only the second time, but on my own without any connections or other ways to easily obtain rights. My husband insisted that I have to pass it myself. I admit, the idea of ​​buying a license has crossed my mind more than once, after grueling trips around the city with an instructor under terrible stress.

You would be hard pressed to find a more vocal teacher. Fortunately, we won't solve the pattern or write it, but you need to know the theory in advance, understand the physical laws, and perceive the contexts so that you can at least understand why the machine does what it does. From the simplest things like proper stances and footwear, we move into gripping and weight bearing and ending with apex and anchoring.

Several riders find with high confidence that some of the shortcomings in primary education still exist. Even one such gap can make you a new car or even a life

Warning: Tracking Keys While Driving Causes Motion Sickness

It seemed to me that I stopped thinking at all as soon as I left the gates of the training ground. Cars are rushing by, the city in which I live is quite large and the traffic on the main streets is very intense. All illusions about how cool it would be to drive and what a cool and beautiful girl I would be—a driver—dissipated at the instructor’s first cry: “Have you even seen the traffic rules?!?!!?”

But theoretical knowledge is only the main building block of the entire educational castle. We jump into the cars and go to the track. Even though I already have experience working online, this is completely new to me, my hands are shaking and my throat is dry as in the desert. This shows us the perfect clue, which of course no one can have in mind.

After the first meeting we really practice. We also start out elementary, but we can't do it anymore - we make a perfect pass through the left turn at Sosnova corner. The wide track allows plenty of room for mistakes and gives a feeling of safety when experimenting with the track. Geometric top, late top and still adding at a rate until the gums start begging for grace.

I saw and not only saw, but crammed, but we started driving around the city only after we started taking traffic rules class and of course, many of them were not yet known to me, and many simply had not yet figured out in my head how to use them in practice. In general, I passed my license and it was time to practice in my husband’s car with my husband as an instructor.

This was a blessing, another thing was training for a set of turns in the technical part of Sosnova. It's easy to see how the transition of the first move affects the ramp and exit of the other. It's time to have lunch, relax, clear your head and sort out your thoughts. Unless you are an experienced circus charterer, acclimatization will take some time for you to get on the track. But with gradual oscillation and mostly testing, the action of the circuit will quickly consume you. Constantly try to correctly judge the braking points, correctly approach and hit the apex, work sensitively with the gas and balance of the car.

What will be useful on the road?

The rest of the list of items and things is not required by law, but is very useful and can help out in difficult times.

Spare wheel and jack. A broken tire can be changed in 10-20 minutes, you can easily drive to a tire shop and continue your trip. If there is no spare tire and jack, you will have to call a tow truck, wait a long time for it (especially if the breakdown occurred on the highway), and spend a lot of money.

Pump. Sometimes the tire goes flat slowly and we head to the tire shop. But if a similar problem catches you on the road, you will definitely need a pump. Compressor or mechanical - there is no consensus; both are better. Moreover, tire pressure is an important indicator on which safety and fuel consumption depend. With the help of a good pump with accurate pressure measurement, you can inflate your tires with the same pressure and have peace of mind on a long trip.

Tow rope. Yes, you will almost certainly not break down and the trip will end successfully, but the cable must be in a car with a manual transmission. Cars with an automatic transmission can be towed up to 30-40 km at speeds up to 30-40 km/h, although it is better to play it safe and call a tow truck.

Keys and tools. This is especially true for long trips, in which you will need a set of necessary tools: screwdrivers, keys, pliers, etc. Every driver should have a rough idea of ​​what they might need and what size keys to take. The best option is the so-called ratchet wrench and a set of attachments for it.

A brush and scraper are essential tools in winter. While the car is warming up, you will have time to clear it of snow and ice.

If you are going on a long journey, on a picnic, fishing or nature, it is recommended to expand the equipment of the car.

A shovel or sapper shovel is a universal tool that will help “dig out” a car if it gets stuck in snow or mud, and is also useful for other purposes.

Motor oil, antifreeze, antifreeze, anti-freeze - liquids sometimes run out, and it is better to replenish them in a timely manner.

Flashlight. Unforeseen situations happen at different times of the day, and night is no exception. If you have a bright, self-contained flashlight, it will make the task much easier.

Lighting wires. The battery discharges unexpectedly and at the most inopportune moment, and without it, as you know, starting the car is problematic. In this case, the cigarette lighter wires will help - the car will start from the battery of another car, and you can continue on your way.

Other: knife, matches, gloves, tape, towels, rags, water, food, money and much more - turn on your imagination, remember what you and your friends were once missing.

Fire extinguisher

It is a very important attribute in a car. But there are different types of fire extinguishers, each with their own pros and cons. Now let's figure out what kind of fire extinguisher should be in the car.

The most suitable in this case are carbon dioxide or powder fire extinguishers. The capacity of their housing must be at least two liters.

The fire extinguisher should be located in the cab next to the driver. That is why it is not allowed to store it in the trunk, as access to it may be difficult.

The carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is a red cylinder. When triggered, carbon dioxide is released over a distance of up to two meters in the form of a cloud. The acid evaporates and leaves no traces on transport. This fire extinguisher can be stored for a long time, as it does not lose its properties. Has high penetrating ability in hard-to-reach places.

But it also has disadvantages. During use, the bell cools down, which can cause burns. That is why you should not keep it in this place. There is a possibility of mild electric shock. When used, a person may inhale carbon dioxide fumes.

A powder fire extinguisher is crushed mineral salt with additives. They are divided into three types: gas generator, injection and with a high pressure cylinder.

The first is based on the use of gas energy during launch to release the extinguishing agent. Secondly, it contains inert gas or air under pressure. Thirdly, there is a cylinder containing compressed air inside.

SELECTING THE SEAT POSITION

Before getting into the car, you need to adjust the seat so that your feet can reach the pedals and your hands can reach all buttons and control levers. In this case, your back should fit snugly against the seat, and your legs should be slightly forward. It is important to ensure that your knees do not touch the steering wheel.

Accordingly, the seat position must be selected to suit these requirements.

It is also important to bring the headrest into the proper position. That is, it should be at the level of the top of the ear. This is important because in the event of an accident, the likelihood of injury is reduced. In general, the seat should be selected in such a way that the driver is comfortable.

What else should you have in your car?

Oddly enough, some car owners drive without a spare tire, which is standard on every car. The reason lies either in the fact that the driver prefers to free up additional space in the trunk, or did not bother to repair the punctured wheel. Meanwhile, you can catch a nail or other sharp object anywhere, and further independent movement in such a situation will become impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to have a spare tire, a jack and a wheel wrench at all times.

In addition, you need to have a pump or compressor in your car to pump up a flat tire if necessary. By the way, if the driver is “lucky enough” to catch a so-called “slow puncture”, when a nail or screw stuck in the tire serves as a kind of plug, preventing the free release of air, the wheel can also be inflated and continue driving.

Vest, first aid kit, fire extinguisher, AO sign - what should you carry in your car?

What can you carry in a car without a fine?

2018 added another indispensable attribute to the list of mandatory items in any driver’s car - a reflective vest, which must comply with GOST. The compulsory nature of other subjects has not gone away either. What and how exactly should you carry with you in a car in 2021 and what criteria should all this meet - from the volume and composition of a fire extinguisher and first aid kit to the size of a warning triangle (AO, triangle) and, of course, the requirements for a vest?